Causes Of World War One :: World War I, WWI

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many things led up to the start of World War I. There was much tension between the countries of Europe for more than fifty years. There were immediate causes, and long-term causes. Some immediate causes were the assassination of the heir of Austria-Hungry, Germany declaring war on Russia, Germany declaring war on France, and Great Britain declaring war on Germany. Some long-term causes or basic causes were imperialism, nationalism, and the arms race. The assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand, who was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was probably the last step on the long road to war. A Serbian patriot murdered Ferdinand in Sarajevo, on June 28 1914. The murder angered Austria-Hungary, leading them to declare war on Serbia. At the same time, Russia gets ready to attack Austria-Hungary as it mobilizes it army at the border. In Europe, there were two powers. The Allied Power were England, France, Russia, and later the U.S. The Central Power was the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. When Kaiser William II of Germany became cocky and let the treaty between Germany and Russia became invalid, and then Williams declared war unto Russia. France then gets ready to fight Germany as they declare war on them by marching through neutral Belgium. As Germany declares war unto France and Russia, Great Britain declares war on Germany as they go through Belgium. Basic causes included imperialism. Imperialism is a country wanting to take over the world and be the most powerful. The need for raw materials and new markets Europe starts to take over land in Africa, China, India, and Middle East. The fight for obtaining the most land results in European countries fighting over who gets what land. Another factor was nationalism. Nationalism is the love for ones country and feeling your part of the country. It results in each country claiming that they are the best. The Arms Race is another contributing factor to the war. Due to conflicts over land, countries start to prepare for and build up their armies. In conclusion, World War I occurs because of many unresolved factors.

Digital music and the internet age – The people vs. the recording industry association of America

Just as the Internet is fast becoming a way of life for many in the United States, music has had its roots embedded in people's lives, careers, and hobbies throughout history. What do you get when you merge music and the Internet in the year 2002? Chaos, it seems. In this heated debate, there are two sides that are prevalent. The first is brought by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which represents the major record labels, musicians, and artists in the United States. The RIAA claims that the Internet is responsible for rampant music piracy that has the power to destroy the music industry as we know it. The RIAA been in the center of countless lawsuits and trials, and is in the forefront of the digital music debate through its use of legal tactics. The other side of this debate is represented by you and me – the common people. We do not argue that music piracy is illegal and unethical. However, we have much at stake in this argument, as the RIAA has tried to gain approval for strict laws that could affect each and every one of us. The RIAA has tried to invade our privacy, sue the common people, prevent us from playing CDs in our computers, hack into our computers, stop the sale of personal music players, and change key pieces of legislature for their benefit. Rather than approach this issue with public support and regard for the consumers who make their industry possible, the RIAA has continually neglected public opinion and has put us on the back burner in order to protect their profit margins. The History So what exactly is this big mess about? In a nutshell, it boils down to digital music piracy. The music industry is hurting from a 9.2 percent global music sales slump in 2001. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, world CD sales fell seven percent last year, while singles and cassettes continued to decline (Wang 147). They claim that music piracy on the Internet is largely to blame for this trend. By merging the Internet and compact disc technologies, it became possible for people to convert the digital music stored on CDs into a very small computer file format called MP3. A music file converted to MP3 could then be sent to other people on the Internet quickly and easily. These technological advances eventually led to rampant music piracy on the Internet. While I do not condone nor support digital music piracy, I believe that the battle the RIAA is waging has been unfair, one-sided, and based on greed. In trying to protect their interests, this trade group has bitten the hands of the people who feed it – us. The Past In 1980, a case came upon the United States Supreme Court docket involving Universal City Studios, a Hollywood movie studio, and a new Sony technology called Betamax, or what we now refer to as the common VCR. Universal City Studios asked the courts to block Betamax sales, which were poised to enter the consumer market. The movie studio argued that consumers would use VCRs to copy and distribute copyrighted films (Wright 16). In 1984 the U.S. Supreme Court told the movie industry to back off, ruling that most people would use VCRs to record soap operas they missed while at work, rather than making illegal copies of films (Wright 18). One would think that a lesson was learned from this scenario. Sadly, that was not the case. Fast-forward fifteen years and we see a very similar situation unfold. RIAA vs. MP3 players In 1998, Diamond Multimedia introduced the Rio portable MP3 player to the consumer market. MP3 files were starting to become very popular. Using the Rio portable MP3 player, people would be able to convert files from CDs that they owned into MP3 format, and then transfer them onto the Rio MP3 player, which could store hours of music and would eliminate any need for CDs or cassettes (Musician's Internet, par. 8). Enter the Recording Industry Association of America. In 1999 the RIAA filed suit against Diamond Multimedia, the creators of the Rio MP3 player. They claimed that the player violated the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, which prohibits devices that make copies from digital music recordings. The RIAA believed that since people had the ability to illegally download music from the Internet, the portable MP3 player should be illegal (Musician's Internet, par. 9). This was a major flaw in logic for the RIAA. First of all, I personally cannot think of one person who does not own at least one CD these days. Even my grandmother has more than a handful! By trying to ban the portable MP3 player, the RIAA was saying that people did not have any legal or legitimate use for the product. However, people could easily copy songs from the many CDs they owned onto this portable MP3 player, and still remain perfectly law abiding citizens! Just as in the previous Betamax judgment, this case was thrown out. The Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Diamond Multimedia's technology was perfectly legal, as the player made copies from computer hard drives and CDs, not solely from digital music recordings (Musician's Internet, par.15). The portable MP3 player has now become immensely popular and successful, and is one of the current best-selling pieces of technology on the market today. In fact, analysts predict that 26 million portable MP3 players will be sold in 2005, threatening the dominance of even CDs (Brull 67)! The RIAA was trying to hinder change. If they had been successful, we would not have portable MP3 players in our lives today. RIAA vs. Napster The case of the Recording Industry Association of America versus Napster was very widely publicized. Napster was an online file-trading program that allowed people to trade both legal and illegal MP3 files with ease. The RIAA soon entered the scene, eventually succeeding in shutting Napster down. I do believe that the RIAA had very good reason to take action against Napster, as it was an online music piracy haven. However, in succeeding to shut the service down, they overlooked a very important issue; people loved downloading music from the Internet. Rather than start their own legal online file-sharing program, the RIAA and the music industry were very slow in action. The RIAA did not listen to public demand for such a service. With the demise of Napster, new illegal trading programs popped up. Unlike their predecessor Napster, however, these programs would be next to impossible to shut down as they have no central server location. These networks run from user to user. Essentially, the only way to stop the programs is to shut down the Internet itself. If the RIAA had listened to the people, it is very possible that they would be in a much better position in the fight against music piracy. However, they ignored the need of the public, and dug themselves an even deeper hole. There was a very legitimate and legal answer to Napster. Rather than trying to turn the service into a paying model or creating their own service, the RIAA simply shut it down. They gave no thought to the legal uses, such as promotion, sharing of files by independent artists not signed to any record label, uncopyrighted material, and music available with permission from the artist or record company. So why didn't the RIAA and the major record labels jump to start their own Napster-like networks? The answer is simple. Digital music distribution, as it stands now, offers much thinner profit margins. Rapper Chuck D says â€Å"a major label makes a CD for as little as 80 cents, then sells it wholesale for $10.50 so retailers can charge $14 – that's highway robbery.† He gloats further that â€Å"the true revenge will come when the major labels start dropping their prices† (Hopper, par. 7). If consumers are able to use inexpensive technology to download music free or of a much lesser charge, you can bet that they won't run to a record store and pay $14 for a CD. The key to that $10 profit margin they are making is that manufacturing and distribution would eventually fade in digital downloads, meaning the record labels would have to cut costs and make a smaller profit. It's all about money. With so much piracy occurring online and next to no way to stop it, what could the RIAA do next? How about prevent consumers from playing CDs in their computers, or better yet, how about hacking all of your computers? That is exactly what they are trying to do. RIAA vs. Your Computer Throughout its many legal battles thus far, the RIAA has continually neglected and disregarded the music consumers. So, it comes as no surprise that it happens yet again. However, this time their focus is on your very own personal computer. One of the first anti-piracy measures used by the RIAA and the major record labels was a technology called copy-protected CDs. Introduced in 2000, these CDs were designed to prevent a user from copying music tracks to a computer and then sharing them with others online (Cohen 43). Sounds good, right? Maybe not, as this technology has a major downfall. If you try to play a copy-protected CD in your computer, you will find out that it isn't possible! In fact, even some older regular CD players cannot play the copy-protected discs. By adding this copy-protection, the music industry effectively stops you from playing these CDs in your computer at all. In doing this, however, one of your personal rights has been taken away. Imagine that! The 1992 Audio Home Recording Act allows music listeners to make some personal digital copies of their music for their own use and backup (Brull 67). With copy-protected CDs, you are not able to make copies of the music that you have purchased and have every right to copy and backup – another strike against the RIAA. The copy-protection debate is currently being waged by lawmakers. Another way the Recording Industry Association of America is trying to stop you from copying music and sharing it with others is by hacking you! This is another debate currently up in the air in Congress. The RIAA has recruited Congressmen Howard Berman and Howard Coble to introduce a piece of legislature that would let content owners hack pirates' computers (Brull 68). So what does that mean to you? Essentially, it means that the record labels, the RIAA, and copyright owners would be able to hack into your computers and delete or replace your illegal files. This is a huge breach of privacy, but yet another act that the RIAA deems ‘necessary.' If they cannot stop the software used to trade illegal files, the industry hopes to attack your computer instead! RIAA vs. Privacy and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) However, the fight doesn't stop at your computer. Money means so much to these companies that they want to compromise your privacy as well. On July 23, 2002, the Recording Industry Association of America made an unprecedented request of Verizon Communications, a company that sells Internet access to consumers. The RIAA served the company with a subpoena, seeking the identity of a Verizon subscriber who allegedly illegally traded songs by artists including Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, and N'Sync. The RIAA didn't specify why it wanted to know who the user was, or what it would do with the information (Hopper, par. 16). Luckily, Verizon denied the request and took this issue to court. Everyone has a right to be anonymous online. A user's anonymity should not be unmasked without any proof of misconduct. In fact, in defamation and trademark-infringement cases, a judge is first asked to weigh the evidence of illegal activity against the constitutionally protected right to anonymous speech (Black 9). The RIAA is trying to bypass judges, courts, and laws in order to force ISPs to reveal information about their subscribers without even making any charges. This is yet another personal right that the company is infringing upon. This debate is currently in court as well, and it should be interesting to see what happens in the end. It is very probable that the U.S. Supreme Court will settle this issue. RIAA vs. Your Integrity Even after showing no respect for your personal rights and laws as a consumer, the RIAA is now attacking your very own integrity. On September 26, 2002, ads began running on television and in print condemning online music piracy. These weren't your normal ads, however. This time around, the RIAA thought that since they couldn't get your attention, perhaps popular music superstars could (Healy, par. 2). These ads, by such artists as Britney Spears, Mary J. Blige, Shakira, and Madonna have one underlying message – we are thieves. â€Å"Would you go into a CD store and steal a CD?† Britney Spears asks in one ad. â€Å"It's the same thing, people going into the computers and stealing our music† (Healy, par. 4). Rapper Nelly had a similar message. â€Å"We really look at it as stealing, because to us it's black and white, either you pay for it or you don't. And, you're not paying for it† (Healy, par. 6). However, these ads are a bit hard to swallow for the average consumer. Let's look at this picture again. These are mega-selling superstars. In 2000, Madonna had reported assets in excess of $425 million. Britney Spears makes over $40 million yearly (Healy, par. 9). The RIAA wants us to believe that these artists are hurting from piracy? I don't know about you, but I don't feel too sorry. Conclusion In conclusion, I believe that the Recording Industry Association of America is a devious and thoughtless trade group. They have continuously put their profit margin ahead of the rights of the consumers. The numerous real-life examples presented in this paper should give you a firm understanding of the unethical antics that the RIAA has used to further their cause. Which side are you on – big business, or consumer rights?

Essay on Private Schools Will Not Fix the American...

Private Schools Will Not Fix the American Education System The American public education system was founded on the radical notion that all members of society should have equal access to education. Also crucial was the notion that a basic common education was essential for a true democracy. This revolutionary system is now in indisputable trouble. Many worry about America’s ability to compete with foreign countries while others address the growing dichotomy between the quality of education in different economic areas. Recent rural shootings have only exasperated the problem, and caused many parents to entirely abandon the public system for a private alternative. A flurry of solutions has been suggested, ranging from school†¦show more content†¦While a good idea in theory, I fear it could lead to a school curriculum that is focused solely on improving test scores to attract new students. Again, although the government should be available for assistance, the standard for measurement of students should come from the affected children and their parents. The division between the test scores of American and Asian high school students has recently become a matter of many debates in many circles. Often the conclusion is that the American system is not fulfilling its role of making competent citizens, and that America will soon be unable to compete in the global economic market. Before I discuss the differences between Western and Eastern attitudes towards education that feed this test score split, I will review an important factor that is often overlooked in these statistics. The school systems of Japan and Korea do not attempt to educate the entire population of the country. Instead, only the most successful grammar school students are chosen to go on to higher education. In contrast, America makes education beyond grammar school not only available but required. Therefore, while the test scores represent all of American children, they only represent a select number of Asian students. These test scores do not reflect that American students are not as intelligent or as able to compete as Asian students are. Instead, they reflect a difference in attitudes thatShow MoreRelatedChoice And Accountability Claims By Diane Ravitch1259 Words   |  6 PagesSantos 1 TO: Franklin McDuffy, California State Senator FROM: Onassis Santos, Education Policy Researcher at Senator McDuffy’s Office DATE: October 27, 2014 SUBJECT: Choice and Accountability claims by Diane Ravitch The purpose of this memo is to review and analyze the claims made by Diane Ravitch in her book, The Life and Death of the Great American School System, and to justly state if the authors claims are well-researched and based on facts or if her arguments and claims are biased and opinionatedRead MoreThe Future Of The American Public School System1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica s Schools are to meet the needs of the twenty first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to try to fix the schools; they must be reconstructed in both fundamental and radical ways. The school system must be restructured. 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On average, public postsecondary school tuitions are rising over twice asRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesannual test of those skills, it ignored history, civics, literature, science, arts, and geography. It was basically no curriculum, measurements and data does not fix t he schools. Constant test preparation sometimes generated high test scores but it had nothing to do with education. According to The Death and Life Of The Great American School System, the author Diane Ravitch states, â€Å"test should not follow the curriculum. They should not replace it or precede it. Students need a coherent foundation of knowledge

Bank Fraud - 956 Words

Bank fraud is a crime that has been around as long as banks themselves. Anytime there is a large amount of money floating around, there are going to be people trying to figure out ways to get to it. In the United States, and most other developed countries, bank fraud is a serious problem that causes billions of dollars in damages every year, and is considered a federal offense. In China bank fraud is even punishable by death. Bank fraud is defined as attempting to wrongfully take money or property from a Federally insured financial institution. That doesn’t mean the banks are the only victims though. Millions of people every year fall victim to monetary damages that are caused by bank fraud. There are two main categories when it comes†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Credit Card Fraud: Credit card fraud is a very common crime. Credit cards can be stolen or created with a fake identity. Thousands of dollars can be fraudulently spent before the bank or the victim catches on. †¢ Fraudulent Accounting: Documents can be forged to inflate the perceived value of a company. This is used to attract large investments from the banks, when in reality the company may be worthless and never intends on giving the bank any return on their investment. †¢ Stealing Identities: Identity theft doesn’t only happen due to banking insiders. Personal information may be stolen via fake documents, phishing for information on the internet, through computer systems, or through various other avenues. The information is then used to take out loans or apply for credit cards using the victims personal informa †¢ Money Laundering: Money laundering simply refers to hiding the so urce where a sum of money originates. There are many ways for someone to launder money through a bank. 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Why Human Sexuality is Important - 821 Words

April 18, 2013 Why Human Sexuality is Important Human sexuality plans a major role in everyone’s life whether you are a man, women, young or old, African American, Caucasian, or Chinese. Sexuality is an integral part of being human. Love, affection, and sexual intimacy contribute to healthy relationships and an individual’s well-being. I define human sexuality as a way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings. Being aware of one’s sexuality is important as it helps let you know who you are as a person. There also are illnesses, mixed emotions and unintended consequences that can affect our sexual health when addressing ones sexuality. An open discussion of sexual issues is important so it brings awareness to†¦show more content†¦Whether you want to have a family or not everyone has a unique sexuality that develops from the time we are born and is influenced by every event in our lives. 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It is important to also understand attitudes, worldview, ethical considerations and prejudices as we process the topic of human sexualityRead MoreSex at Down976 Words   |  4 Pagesargue that human beings evolved in egalitarian groups that shared food, child care, and, often, sexual partners. Weaving together evidence from anthropology, archaeology, anatomy, and psychosexuality, the author’s show how far from human nature monoga my really is. Reading the book I understand that Ryan and Jethà ¡ try to explain how our promiscuous past clashes with our contemporary beliefs. They, in my personal opinion, explore why many people find long-term fidelity so difficult; why sexual passionRead MoreHuman Sexuality Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesreally important sexual issues. The reason why I chose this film is because it displays a new perspective on relationships. Choosing this movie made me step out of my comfort zone. When most people think about sexuality, they think about young people. 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Poem Out, Out Robert Frost Analysis Essay Example For Students

Poem Out, Out Robert Frost Analysis Essay All poets have a certain licence when they are writing and that license includes the ability to change, slightly exaggerate or indeed understate facts. But all the great writers adhere reasonably closely to facts and real life. In the poem I have chosen Out, Out by Robert Frost, I believe he has done this successfully and has created a very effective and realistic poem. This particular poem of Robert Frosts is quite deceptive at first, and we believe it to be another of Frosts pastoral poems about the beautiful countryside. We are mislead, and then later realise it to be a more realistic poem of a horrific accident, to a young boy while he is cutting wood with a saw at home, on the family farm. The poem opens by giving us a description of what was happening, it starts immediately by giving us a vivid image of the saw and the sound it made. In the opening of the poem it seems like a very normal and routine task being carried out, and it is through this opening of the poem, we the readers are fooled. In the first line The buzz saw snarled and rattled in the yard the poets uses very effective verbs to create the impression the saw is really aggressive and almost alive. Then in line three it says Sweet scented stuff when the breeze drew across it and I think this reassures us this is another of Frosts partially well known nature poems. In line four and five it describes the scenery around the place where the poem is set. It says Under the sunset, far into Vermont and it is here Frost creates a real sense of time and place and in my opinion reinforces our opinion on the theme of the poem. In the following line Frost uses a very clever device of repetition and onomatopoeia. He repeats the first line saying And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled inorder to emphasise how aggressive and rough the saw really is. In my opinion Frost then creates a calm and peaceful atmosphere by line nine And nothing happened, day was all but done. Then in line ten our feelings on the poem changes when the poets says, Call it a day I wish they might have said. This seems to alert us, and we hear the regret in the poets tone and we sense that something is about to happen. It is here we initionally sense this is not a pastoral poem, but it is one of deeper meaning. In line eleven and twelve Frost uses and repeats the word boy, as he does throughout the whole poem. This is to make us think of the boys youth and this is emphasised by the repetition of boy. Then in the following two lines the poet here tries to portray the saw as if it has almost has an intelligence of its own, and it too knew what food was. As Frost uses the simile as if to prove that saws knew what supper meant. It then goes on to say that the boy must of given the hand meaning for a second or two the young boy was absent minded and for a split second must of let go of the saw. Then the poet says well whatever way it happened neither the boy nor the saw refused the meeting In the poem the boys response to the accident is not what I would of expected- The boys first outcry was a rueful laugh this was as if the shock of how quick it had all happened, refrained reality from hitting him and he did not understand how serious the accident was. Then the boy swung round towards them, holding up his hand, he does this as if to beg the people around him to help and to see, just like a young child if someone would take control, by telling him what to do. In the poem it also says he does this in order to keep the life from spilling. This is a metaphor used by Frost and here he means quite literally the boy held up his hand, to keep the blood that symbolised the boys life, from draining from him. Then the boy saw all meaning he realised exactly the extent of what had happened and he now fully realised how serious it was. Then in the following two lines we see how the young boy was brought up and what was expected of him. Since he was old enough to know, big boy doi ng a mans work, though a child at heart -. Here we see how the boy in the poem was still young at heart and although he was physically strong enough to carry out such a dangerous job, growing up in a farming society, he was expected to do this. Jobs on a farm were to determine his lively hood for the rest of his life, but then the boy saw all spoiled, he knew he would never be able to work like he was brought up to again. Here he begged his sister Dont let him cut my hand off- the doctor, when he comes. Dont let him sister! The poet uses his own words here to create atmosphere and feeling in the poem. Icici Bank- Strategy Analysis EssayAs when the reader knows these were the actual words of the boy, it makes us feel sorry for him. Then it says but the hand was gone already by this the poet meant it was so badly cut it could not be saved. There was nothing that could be done. The doctor then put the boy in the dark of ether meaning put him to sleep with an anaesthetic, and there he lay breathing peacefully. Until, the watcher at his bedside took fright, no one believed, as the boys heart rate gradually began to fade away- Little- less- nothing! The boy was dead. The last two lines of the poem convey in my opinion the message behind the whole poem. No more to build on there. And they, since they were not the one dead, turned to their affairs. The message: this is reality, this is what happens in real life, we all must move on. Just like in the poem were the boys family were fatalistic people, and they realised and accepted what must happen in life. They saw no matter how much we d ont want it to there is no point in drawing out the grief.

The Indispensable Metaphor of War an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Indispensable Metaphor of War A "War on Terror" was proclaimed by former United States President George W. Bush. Countless cities all over the world have also declared a war on drugs, on gangsters and other social disturbances. Steinertrsquo;s article deals with the use of war metaphor in the society and how the concept of war had been desensitized and used in countless ways in society without regard for the historic concept of war. This is explained by the "populist structure" of politics. Need essay sample on "The Indispensable Metaphor of War" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The author elaborated on the three manifestations of the monopoly of force of the state: warfare, punishment and policing. The author carefully explained the delineation and difference between these three forms of state monopoly of force. War, however, has the widest and almost universal appeal to the populace because war tends to be connected to the social values of the people and is used to defend whatever physical and intangible things that people perceive that they possess. Because of this mass appeal of war, it has been used widely to combat even the perceived social ills in the society. With the help of media, the experience of war has become almost universal in the society even among non-combatants. One of the assertions of the author, however, is that "military training is a training in individual helplessnesshellip; which demands unquestioning and complete individual dedication. This kind of training may be seen as part of the checks and balances in the society so that the soldiers will not have the initiative to take over the reins from the civilian government. True, the military have become involved in political positions and uprisings all over the world. Yet, in worst cases, individual soldiers simply followed their commanding officers without any question. Interestingly, the author contrasted peace-keeping and warmongering. Peace-keeping is an important function of the state, too. It is more difficult to promote though. It seems to be easier to fight against some kind of invaders, instead of promoting a present state of affairs. The author succeeds in explaining why such metaphor of war also applies to the issue of immigration among other things. What seems to be lacking though is a more thorough explanation of the impact of using war as metaphor in various areas of life in the society. Steinert even explored the sector of education as one of the places where the metaphor of war has lost its hold. The trends of warfare that the author mentioned are also worth looking at and would yield further insights into how future generations might look at war and its consequences in the society. The military and the state seem to benefit from this spread of war as a metaphor in areas of society where it should not really be applied. One other impact of this spread of war as metaphor is the desensitization of citizens to war. When that happens, people may lose the sensitivity of how serious a business war is! While they may experience second-hand warfare through the media, war is always a difficult situation and it takes its toll on the government and on the citizens of the society involved. Reference Steinert, Heinz (1998a) `Ideology with Human Victims. The Institution of `Crime amp; Punishment' between Social Control and Social Exclusion: Historical and Theoretical Issues', in Vincenzo Ruggiero, Nigel South and Ian Taylor (eds) The New European Criminology, pp. 405-424. London: Routledge . Steinert, Heinz (2002) `Administrative Resistance and Other Limits to `Americanization': Some Reasons Why American-Style Security Policies Will Fail to Sweep Europe', in Cornelius Prittwitzet al. (eds) Festschrift fuuml;r Klaus Luuml;derssen, pp. 359-371. Baden-Baden: Nomos .